أخي الكريم محمد,
لا يخفى عليك أن المصطلح الإنجليزي الذي يقابل "الطفرة" هو Mutation,
هذا يعني أن الترجمة العربية ينبغي أن تكون: تشوه.
فلننظر إلى هاتين المسألتين:
أ هذه الطفرات تؤدي إلى أمراض وتشوهات الكائنات الحية. (أثر سلبي)
ب هذه الطفرات تؤدي إلى تطورها (أثر إيجابي).
حسب علمك أخي محمد, على أيهما قامت الأدلة العلمية الدامغة؟
هل يوجد لدى العلماء قاطبة شك اليوم في علاقة الطفرات الجينية بكثير من الأمراض؟
وفي الجهة المقابلة, هل يرقى القول بأن الطفرات الجينية تؤدي إلى التطور إلى نفس الدرجة, أي هل هو حقيقة علمية؟
نظرت في موسوعة The gale encyclopedia of Biology V 2
فاستوقفتني الفقرة التالية:
As noted earlier, many biologists once thought that mutation by itself was
the major cause of evolution. In the 1920s, however, British biologist J. B.
S. Haldane (1892–1964), British statistician Ronald A. Fisher (1890–1962),
and American geneticist Sewall Wright (1889–1988) published three different
mathematical proofs showing that mutation by itself is insufficient. They
showed that a rate of mutation fast enough to cause evolution would also
be fast enough to undo any evolution that had happened in the past. Scientists
now know that mutations are too rare (about one per billion
nucleotides per human lifetime) to account for most evolutionary change
without the help of natural selection. Also, ,contrary to what Erasmus, Darwin
and Lamarck thought, scientists know of no way that the efforts or experience
of an organism can induce specific, adaptive mutations in its
offspring.
For a time, many biologists thought that natural selection was so rigorous
that it would eliminate most mutations since most mutations were
presumed to be harmful. Starting in the 1950s, however, it was found that
genetic variations resulting from past mutations are quite abundant in most
species. Most mutations have little effect on fitness, and they can accumulate
generation after generation with little selection against them. With increased
competition or some change in the environment, however, some of
these mutations may result in differences in fitness. Natural selection can
then bring about evolution by increasing the frequency of the beneficial mutations.
Natural selection therefore seldom has to sit and wait for just the
right mutation to come along and make an individual more fit. The mutations
are usually already present in most populations.
أتركك لتتأمل قليلا, وربما ترجمت بعضا من هذا الكلام بعد ذلك.
وأدعوك ألا تتسرع, يجب أن تبصر الفرق بين من يدعوك إلى علم قامت عليه الأدلة, وبين من ينافح عن عقيدته الباطلة بالتدليس والتمويه وبكل حيلة ماكرة.
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