قرد التارسير Tarsius"" الهادئ يعبث بشجرة التطور .

**احمد ابويحى** · 01-01-2014, 06:29 PM

دراسات بير ريفيو مرفقه صادمة وصريحة تقر بان التناقضات موجودة على كافة المستويات التصنيفية فى الاحياء بما لا يوافق النموذج التطورى والشجرات الفيلوجينية
وان الساعة الجزيئية لا تصلح لشئ اظن انها قد تهم المختصين

الاختلافات ظاهرة على كل المستويات التصنيفية
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/310/5756/1933.full

وهنا ايضا

Understanding phylogenetic incongruence: lessons from phyllostomid bats - PMC

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3573643/

All characters and trait systems in an organism share a common evolutionary history that can be estimated using phylogenetic methods. However, differential rates of change and the evolutionary mechanisms driving those rates result in pervasive ...

افتبس منه
"لقد أصبح التناقض بين اشجار التطور المستمدة من البيانات المورفولوجية مقابل التحليلات الجزيئية بمختلف المجموعات الفرعية يزداد انتشارا كلما توسع حجم البيانات في كافة الأنواع
".
"Phylogenetic conflict is common, and frequently the norm rather than the exception."

"التضارب والتعارض فى شجرة النشوء والتطور يعتبر هو الحدث الشائع ، القاعدة وليس الاستثناء. "

"Phylogenetic conflict has become a more acute problem with the
advent of genomescale data sets."

وهذا ايضا من نفس الورقة
"Incongruence between phylogenies derived from morphological versus molecular analyses, and between trees based on different subsets of molecular sequences has become pervasive as datasets have expanded rapidly in both characters and species.

ليست استثناء

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/283/5407/1435.summary

Erratic overdispersion of three molecular clocks: GPDH, SOD, and XDH - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11553790

The neutrality theory predicts that the rate of neutral molecular evolution is constant over time, and thus that there is a molecular clock for timing evolutionary events. It has been observed that the variance of the rate of evolution is generally larger than expected according to the neutrality th …

High mitogenomic evolutionary rates and time dependency - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19836098

Using entire modern and ancient mitochondrial genomes of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) that are up to 44000 years old, we show that the rates of evolution of the mitochondrial genome are two to six times greater than those estimated from phylogenetic comparisons. Although the rate of evolutio …

Molecular clock or erratic evolution? A tale of two genes - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8876205

We have investigated the evolution of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpdh). The rate of amino acid replacements is 1 x 10(-10)/site/year when Drosophila species are compared. The rate is 2.7 times greater when Drosophila and Chymomyza species are compared; and about 5 times greater when any of …

تخريف الساعة الجزيئية وعدم صلاحيتها بالمرة لعدم انتظام دقاتها

The molecular clock may be an episodic clock - PMC

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC392283/

It is argued that the apparent constancy of the rate of molecular evolution may be an artifact due to the very slow rate of evolution of individual amino acids. A statistical analysis of protein evolution using a stationary point process as the null ...

Molecular clock mirages - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10070256

The hypothesis of the molecular clock proposes that molecular evolution occurs at rates that persist through time and across lineages, for a given gene. The neutral theory of molecular evolution predicts that the clock will be a Poisson process, with equal mean and variance. Experimental data have s …

Vagaries of the molecular clock - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9223263

The hypothesis of the molecular evolutionary clock asserts that informational macromolecules (i.e., proteins and nucleic acids) evolve at rates that are constant through time and for different lineages. The clock hypothesis has been extremely powerful for determining evolutionary events of the remot …

Time scale of eutherian evolution estimated without assuming a constant rate of molecular evolution - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14532706

Controversies over the molecular clock hypothesis were reviewed. Since it is evident that the molecular clock does not hold in an exact sense, accounting for evolution of the rate of molecular evolution is a prerequisite when estimating divergence times with molecular sequences. Recently proposed st …

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00239-003-0028-x

Page Not Found

http://www.pitt.edu/.../Schwartz&Maresca_Mol_clocks.pdf

We're sorry! This page is not available. Please visit the homepage or use the search box above.

تناقض عام وشامل بالفيلوجينى ووضعت بعض الاقتباسات

Rates of DNA sequence evolution differ between taxonomic groups - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3082006

The mutation rates of DNA sequences during evolution can be estimated from interspecies DNA sequence differences by assaying changes that have little or no effect on the phenotype (neutral mutations). Examination of available measurements shows that rates of DNA change of different phylogenetic grou …

Molecular Clock: An Anti-neo-Darwinian Legacy - PMC

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1893057/

It is now clear that any kind of molecular clock ticks erratically, but it is nevertheless widely used [unfortunately] for estimating species divergence times.”

Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754610

This synthesis has three main parts. The first discusses the overall tree of life and nature of the last common ancestor (cenancestor). I emphasize key steps in cellular evolution important for ordering and timing the major evolutionary innovations in the history of the biosphere, explaining especia …

Evolution is not evenly paced and there are no real molecular clocks.

لكن للاسف ملاحدة العرب لا يعرفون الا دوكينز رسول الالحاد رغم منطقة المتهافت فى اغلب الاطروحات
هو ايضا يتفق حول هذه الجزيئية وينصح بعدم استخدامها وعدم اهليتها

“neither radioactive clocks nor molecular clocks tick in a regular fashion like a pendulum clock or watch.”

وهنا

http://rosenberglab.stanford.edu/papers/agt.pdf

http://books.google.com.eg/books?id=...KM4UC&pg=PA336...

مشاكل حرجه وانقطاعات

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/284/5418/1305

Energetics and genetics across the prokaryote-eukaryote divide - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714941

This article was reviewed by: Eugene Koonin, William Martin, Ford Doolittle and Mark van der Giezen. For complete reports see the Reviewers' Comments section.

Early evolution without a tree of life - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714942

Life is a chemical reaction. Three major transitions in early evolution are considered without recourse to a tree of life. The origin of prokaryotes required a steady supply of energy and electrons, probably in the form of molecular hydrogen stemming from serpentinization. Microbial genome evolution …

Energetics and genetics across the prokaryote-eukaryote divide - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714941

This article was reviewed by: Eugene Koonin, William Martin, Ford Doolittle and Mark van der Giezen. For complete reports see the Reviewers' Comments section.

Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572163

The idea that some eukaryotes primitively lacked mitochondria and were true intermediates in the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition was an exciting prospect. It spawned major advances in understanding anaerobic and parasitic eukaryotes and those with previously overlooked mitochondria. But the evolu …

Estimation of phylogenetic inconsistencies in the three domains of life - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701430

Discrepancies in phylogenetic trees of bacteria and archaea are often explained as lateral gene transfer events. However, such discrepancies may also be due to phylogenetic artifacts or orthology assignment problems. A first step that may help to resolve this dilemma is to estimate the extent of phy …

وايضا طبيعة بيولوجيى غير قابلة للاختزال فى حقيقات النووى يعنى ان لم تفهم لا يمكن ان تاتى بالية تطورية كما يزعمون

Genomics and the irreducible nature of eukaryote cells - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709776

Large-scale comparative genomics in harness with proteomics has substantiated fundamental features of eukaryote cellular evolution. The evolutionary trajectory of modern eukaryotes is distinct from that of prokaryotes. Data from many sources give no direct evidence that eukaryotes evolved by genome …

Prokaryotic evolution and the tree of life are two different things - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19788731

This article was reviewed by Ford Doolittle, John Logsdon and Nicolas Galtier.