من هم كبار علماء المسلمين, أو العلماء الأكثر تأثيرا على تطور العلوم و

the muslim scholars who held to the round earth theory used it in an impeccably islamic manner, to calculate the distance and direction from any given point on the earth to makkah (mecca). This determined the qibla, or muslim direction of prayer. Muslim mathematicians developed spherical trigonometry which was used in these calculations.[62] ibn khaldun (d. 1406), in his muqaddimah, also identified the world as spherical. The later belief of muslim scholars, like suyuti (d. 1505), that the earth is flat represents a deviation from this earlier opinion

determining the most likely day that the hilal could be observed was a motivation for muslim interest in astronomy, which put islam in the forefront of that science for many centuries

though the chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, it was the arabs who worked out that it could be purified using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the crusaders. By the 15th century they had invented both a rocket, which they called a "self-moving and combusting egg", and a torpedo - a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then blew up.

explosive gunpowder: The ideal composition for explosive gunpowder used in modern times is 75% potassium nitrate (saltpetre), 10% sulfur, and 15% carbon. Several almost identical compositions were first described by the arab engineer hasan al-rammah as a recipe for the rockets (tayyar) he described in the book of military horsemanship and ingenious war devices in 1270. Several examples include a tayyar "rocket" (75% saltpetre, 8% sulfur, 15% carbon) and the tayyar buruq "lightning rocket" (74% saltpetre, 10% sulfur, 15% carbon). He also states recipes for fireworks and firecrackers made from these explosive gunpowder compositions. He states in his book that many of these recipes were known to his father and grandfather, hence dating back to at least the late 12th century. Compositions for an explosive gunpowder effect were not known in china or europe until the 14th century.[8][39] medieval french reports suggest that muslim armies also used explosives against the sixth crusade army led by ludwig iv, landgrave of thuringia in the 13th century

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Torpedo: The invention of torpedoes occurred in the muslim world, and were driven by a rocket system. The works of hasan al-rammah in syria in 1275 shows illustrations of a torpedo running on water with a rocket system filled with explosive materials and having three firing points.