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‎1- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS‏) ‏
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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects millions of women during their ‎reproductive ‎years. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent luteal ‎phase condition ‎characterized by physical, psychological, and behavioral ‎changes of sufficient ‎severity to result in deterioration of interpersonal ‎relationships and normal ‎activity.(American Family physician journal‏) ‏
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The disorder is characterized by the cyclic recurrence of symptoms ‎during the luteal ‎phase of the menstrual cycle Up to 85 percent of ‎menstruating women report having ‎one or more premenstrual symptoms, ‎and 2 to 10 percent report disabling, ‎incapacitating symptoms.4,5 More ‎than 200 symptoms have been associated with ‎PMS, but irritability, ‎tension, and dysphoria are the most prominent and consistently ‎described( ‎AMERICAN FAMILY PHYICIAN AND E MEDICINE SITES‏) ‏
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Common Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome‏ ‏
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Behavioral symptoms: fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, changes in sexual ‎interest, food ‎cravings or overeating‏ ‏
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Psychologic symptoms: irritability, anger, depressed mood, crying and ‎tearfulness, ‎anxiety, tension, mood swings, lack of concentration, ‎confusion, forgetfulness, ‎restlessness, loneliness, decreased self-esteem, ‎tension‏ ‏
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Physical symptoms: headaches, breast tenderness and swelling, back ‎pain, abdominal ‎pain and bloating, weight gain, swelling of extremities, ‎water retention, nausea, ‎muscle and joint pain‏ ‏
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The exact cause of PMS is still not known, but researchers believe that ‎PMS ‎symptoms occur because progesterone and estrogen cause changes ‎in brain chemicals ‎called neurotransmitters that affect women's moods ‎during their monthly cycle‏. ‏
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Every month these brain chemicals are regulated by the hormones ‎estrogen and ‎progesterone. During the first 14 days (the follicular phase) ‎of the menstrual cycle, ‎estrogen is high and progesterone is low. When ‎estrogen is elevated, serotonin is ‎elevated and life is smooth. We are ‎composed and relaxed. Near the 14th day of the ‎cycle, ovulation occurs, ‎endorphins peak, and life is absolutely beautiful. The final 14 ‎days make ‎up the luteal phase (for some women it really does feel like the final 14 ‎‎days!), when estrogen falls and progesterone is elevated. When estrogen ‎is low, ‎serotonin decreases, endorphin and dopamine levels drop. When ‎these brain ‎chemicals are in low supply, mood and appetite control are ‎affected. During the luteal ‎phase of the cycle, insulin sensitivity ‎increases, which can affect eating habits. Eight ‎percent of women with ‎PMS suffer from sever symptoms. (LAURA LEWIS .COM ‎ARTICLES‏) ‏
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‎2-Menopause‏ ‏
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Menopause is a process, either naturally or medically induced (ex ‎hysterectomy), that ‎occurs in nearly all women at some point in life. ‎Some of the most commonly ‎reported symptoms associated with ‎menopause are hot flushes/flashes, fatigue, ‎headaches, irritability, ‎insomnia, and depression (Neuropsychol Rev. 2003 ‎Sep;13(3):145-52.) ‎The sudden and predictable cessation of ovarian endocrinological ‎‎function at menopause results in a marked decrease of endogenous ‎estrogen and ‎progestogen secretion. In addition to cessation of ‎menstruation, a wide range of ‎biological functions, including sleep, are ‎affected (CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):445-52) ‎The accumulated burden of life ‎stress coupled with limited protective psychosocial ‎resources is ‎associated with adverse psychological, biological, and quality of life ‎‎outcomes. (Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol ####b. 2003 Mar;17(1):17-‎‎31‎‏) ‏
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Depression During Pregnancy And Postpartum‏ ‏
The Postpartum Period‏ ‏
During the postpartum period, about 85% of women experience some ‎type of mood ‎disturbance. For most the symptoms are mild and short-‎lived; however, 10 to 15% of ‎women develop more significant symptoms ‎of depression or anxiety. Postpartum ‎psychiatric illness is typically ‎divided into three categories: (1) postpartum blues (2) ‎postpartum ‎depression and (3) postpartum psychosis. (Shaila Misri, MD, FRCPC & ‎‎Margaret Duke, MD, FRCPC‏ ‏
Journal of the Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology of Canada 1995; 17: ‎‎657-63‎‏.) ‏
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Postpartum Blues‏ ‏
It appears that about 50 to 85% of women experience postpartum blues ‎during the ‎first few weeks after delivery. Given how common this type of ‎mood disturbance is, it ‎may be more accurate to consider the blues as a ‎normal experience following ‎childbirth rather than a psychiatric illness. ‎Rather than feelings of sadness, women ‎with the blues more commonly ‎report mood lability, tearfulness, anxiety or irritability. ‎While these ‎symptoms are unpredictable and often unsettling, they do not interfere ‎‎with a woman's ability to function. (Shaila Misri, MD, FRCPC & ‎Margaret Duke, ‎MD, FRCPC Journal of the Society of Obstetrics & ‎Gynecology of Canada 1995; 17: ‎‎657-63‎‏.) ‏
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Postpartum Depression‏ ‏
PPD typically emerges over the first two to three postpartum months but ‎may occur at ‎any point after delivery. Some women actually note the ‎onset of milder depressive ‎symptoms during pregnancy. Postpartum ‎depression is clinically indistinguishable ‎from depression occurring at ‎other times during a woman's life‏. ‏
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The symptoms of postpartum depression include‏: ‏
Depressed or sad mood‏ ‏
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Tearfulness‏ ‏
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Loss of interest in usual activities‏ ‏
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Feelings of guilt‏ ‏
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Feelings of worthless or incompetence‏ ‏
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Fatigue‏ ‏
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Sleep disturbance‏ ‏
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Change in appetite‏ ‏
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Poor concentration‏ ‏
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Suicidal thoughts( Shaila Misri, MD, FRCPC & Margaret Duke, MD, ‎FRCPC ‎Journal of the Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology of Canada ‎‎1995; 17: 657-63‎‏.) ‏
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Postpartum Psychosis‏ ‏
Postpartum psychosis is the most severe form of postpartum psychiatric ‎illness. It is a ‎rare event that occurs in approximately 1 to 2 per 1000 ‎women after childbirth. Its ‎presentation is often dramatic, with onset of ‎symptoms as early as the first 48 to 72 ‎hours after delivery‏.. ‏
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the symptoms of puerperal psychosis most closely resemble those of a ‎rapidly ‎evolving manic (or mixed) episode. The earliest signs are ‎restlessness, irritability, and ‎insomnia. Women with this disorder exhibit ‎a rapidly shifting depressed or elated ‎mood, disorientation or confusion, ‎and erratic or disorganized behavior. (Shaila Misri, ‎MD, FRCPC & ‎Margaret Duke, MD, FRCPC‏ ‏
Journal of the Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology of Canada 1995; 17: ‎‎657-63‎‏.) ‏
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The physical and psychological changes that women experience‏: ‏
Women experience many recurrent physical changes, which are ‎conspicuous either to ‎woman or others. Moreover, the extensive scientific ‎researches have revealed the ‎psychological effects that woman is ‎subjected to, due to undergoing such physical ‎states. Women undergo ‎menstruation, and if she becomes pregnant she passes through ‎phases of ‎pre- and post-conception and post-delivery, while in case of miscarriage ‎or ‎abortion, her body undergoes many changes. In addition to such ‎conditions, she can ‎suffer from infecundity or sterility, and the period of ‎menopause, which results in ‎many changes either before or after it. Thus ‎woman undergoes periods of physical and ‎physiological changes, under ‎which she might suffer. All this might have its dire ‎effect on her ‎physiological state, and her interrelations with others. Also it might ‎affect ‎her way of thinking. Many medical researches have confirmed these ‎statements, ‎where they stated that such conditions have their deep effect ‎on the physiological state ‎of woman, as she can suffer from frustration, ‎lack of concentration, laziness, and they ‎can affect her short-term ‎memory. Moreover, they might cause her irritability, ‎anxiety, ‎nervousness, feeling of loneliness, and slackness. In addition to change in ‎‎factors, like temperature, pressure, and increase of different hormonal ‎secretions, ‎which consequently, affect her motion, work, and mental ‎activity‏. ‏